Emerging and reemerging viral infections in globe with special emphasis in India - A review

It has long been recognized that pathogens, such as viruses, parasites, and other microorganisms, emerge and change over time. Viruses are powerful infectious agents that have co-evolved with humans and are responsible for several serious illnesses in people. There is no herd immunity for most humans, making emerging viruses, particularly the RNA viruses, more dangerous. The high mistake rate of the polymerases that copy the RNA viruses' genomes gives them the ability to adapt to the quickly changing local and global environments. Through mutation (as in the case of Dengue viruses), reassortment (as in the case of influenza viruses), and recombination, they can evolve at a rapid rate (polioviruses). The influenza A viruses (such as H1N1 and H5N1), which have caused numerous outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics around the world, are the finest example of viruses emerging and reemerging. The complex host-pathogen ecology and the co-evolution of microbes with their hosts are linked to the emergence and reemergence of novel diseases. Human viral illness emergence and reemergence is an ongoing problem that affects a nation's social and economic growth.

Timeline: Key Stories and Topics in HIC This Century

The article presents the discussion on news related to various topics. Topics include Infection preventionists (IPs) urging to take a leadership role in the burgeoning national patient safety movement after the 1999 Institute of Medicine report;and MRSA killing more people annually than human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the US.

Patient Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic, Its Impact on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment, and Overall Well-Being One Year Later

Most reported being fully vaccinated (85% CD, 81% UC), having received at least 1 booster (71% CD, 69% UC), and were vaccinated irrespective of vaccine mandates (88% CD, 82% UC). An initial survey (2021) examining the perceptions and attitudes of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) relating to the COVID-19 pandemic revealed a profound impact of the pandemic on emotional and physical health. Methods: An anonymous 38-question survey was distributed to self-identified Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, aged >=21 years, living in the United States. [Extracted from the article]

A case of Blaschkoid pityriasis rosea following COVID-19 vaccination: A rare exceptional occurrence

The launch of COVID-19 vaccines in India has raised the expectations of the dreadful COVID-19 pandemic ending in the future. Various mild and benign cutaneous manifestations of the different forms of the COVID-19 vaccine have been documented. Herein, we are reporting a unique case of Blaschkoid pityriasis rosea (PR) developing after COVID-19 vaccination. A forty-two-year-old female presented with PR along a linear arbitrary zone on the back at the level of L1-L2 extending to involve the abdomen and an oblique zone on the thigh. She was vaccinated with the first dose of the COVISHIELD ChAdOx1/nCoV-19 (recombinant) coronavirus vaccine six days before the onset of the lesions. There are only several case reports of typical pityriasis rosea occurring after COVID-19 vaccination. Our unique case depicts the occurrence of atypical PR after COVID-19 vaccination. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Our Dermatology Online / Nasza Dermatologia Online is the property of Our Dermatology Online and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

COVID-19 Re-Infections: More Common with the Omicron Variant / COVID-19 Pandemic: Is There Light at the End of the Tunnel?

A recent surge of COVID-19 reinfections has been ascribed to new variants of concern (VOCs) with increased transmissibility, such as the Omicron variant, but also to laxity in compliance with measures of prophylaxis, incomplete or lack of vaccination, the Peltzman effect where people tend to increase their risky behavior when safety measures are mandated, weaker antibody responses after booster immunization in some individuals and/or immunocompromised patients, and increased antigen variability in VOCs. The latter impairs humoral and cellular immunity post-infection rendering COVID-19 convalescents more vulnerable and at risk of re-infection with VOCs. Unfortunately, COVID-19 disease is here to stay demanding observance of measures of prophylaxis, expansion of vaccination programs and continued vigilance;there is still a dire need for the development of durably effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 but also against its emerging variants. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Rhythmos is the property of Evagelismos General Hospital of Athens and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Identification of Human Case of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Infection, India.

A 11-year-old boy with acute myeloid leukemia was brought for treatment of severe acute respiratory infection in the National Capital Region, New Delhi, India. Avian influenza A(H5N1) infection was laboratory confirmed. Complete genome analysis indicated hemagglutinin gene clade 2.3.2.1a. We found the strain to be susceptible to amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors.

How Has the Pandemic Impacted ED Symptoms?

The inclusion criteria included epidemiologic studies of patients with diagnosed EDs and reported changes in ED symptom severity (either self-reported or through medical records) before and after the lockdown. Most participants had irregular eating patterns and experienced worsened ED symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak ( I Psychol Health Med i .2020. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Eating Disorders Review is the property of International Association of Eating Disorders Professionals (IAEDP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Higher Viral Stability and Ethanol Resistance of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus on Human Skin.

Evaluating the stability of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses on human skin and measuring the effectiveness of disinfectants are crucial for preventing contact disease transmission. We constructed an evaluation model using autopsy skin samples and evaluated factors that affect the stability and disinfectant effectiveness for various subtypes. The survival time of the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus on plastic surfaces was ≈26 hours and on skin surfaces ≈4.5 hours, >2.5-fold longer than other subtypes. The effectiveness of a relatively low ethanol concentration (32%-36% wt/wt) against the H5N1 subtype was substantially reduced compared with other subtypes. Moreover, recombinant viruses with the neuraminidase gene of H5N1 survived longer on plastic and skin surfaces than other recombinant viruses and were resistant to ethanol. Our results imply that the H5N1 subtype poses a higher contact transmission risk because of its higher stability and ethanol resistance, which might depend on the neuraminidase protein.